Free museums in Brazil

La Casa das Rosas, located at 37 Avenida Paulista in the city of São Paulo, is a significant cultural landmark. The building was designed by the Ramos de Azevedo studio and completed in 1935. It served as a residence until 1986, when it was expropriated by the São Paulo state government.

The Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading, a library and lusophone cultural institution, is situated at Luís de Camões Street, number 30, in the heart of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This location makes it easily accessible for tourists visiting the city center.

The Crystal Palace, located in the city of Petrópolis in the state of Rio de Janeiro, is a historical site that was inaugurated in 1884. Originally, it was built to house agricultural exhibitions. However, today it serves as a venue for various exhibitions and events, making it a lively and interesting place for tourists to visit.

The Sambodrome Marquês de Sapucaí, also known as Sambódromo da Marquês de Sapucaí or simply 'sambodrome', is a significant location in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This avenue, surrounded by grandstands, is the venue for the parade of the best samba schools during the city's famous Carnival. It's a vibrant and lively place where the spirit of the Carnival comes alive, with samba schools showcasing their talent and creativity.

The Museum of Modern Art in Rio de Janeiro, also known as MAM, is recognized as one of the most significant cultural institutions in Brazil. Its reputation stems from its rich history, diverse collection, and its role in the Brazilian art scene.

The Imperial Palace, also known as Paço Imperial, is a significant historical site located in the heart of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This Baroque colonial building stands as a testament to the city's rich history and architectural prowess. It was built in the 18th century and has served as the residence for governors, viceroys, King Juan VI, and emperors. Today, it is a cultural center, attracting visitors from around the world with its aesthetic appeal and historical significance.

The Museu do Expedicionário, located in Curitiba, Brazil, is dedicated to showcasing the history of Brazil's involvement in World War II. This museum provides a comprehensive insight into the role Brazil played during this global conflict, making it a significant destination for those interested in history and warfare.

The Tomie Ohtake Institute, inaugurated in November 2001, is a significant cultural landmark in São Paulo. The building, designed by Ruy Ohtake, is a testament to modern architecture and is presided over by his brother, Ricardo Ohtake. Visitors can appreciate the unique design of the building while exploring the various exhibitions and programs offered by the institute.

Boa Vista Palace, located in Campos do Jordão, serves as the official winter residence of the governor of the State of São Paulo. This grand structure, which began construction in 1938 and was completed in 1964, offers a unique insight into the history and culture of the region. Visitors can explore the palace and its grounds, taking in the stunning architecture and the panoramic views of the city's main neighborhoods.

The Latin America Memorial, located in São Paulo, Brazil, is a cultural, political, and leisure complex that was inaugurated in 1989. This complex serves as a monument to the cultural, political, social, and economic integration of Latin America. It is a place where visitors can immerse themselves in the rich history and diverse culture of Latin America.

The Forte dos Reis Magos, also known as the Fortaleza dos Reis Magos, is a historical fortress situated in the city of Natal, in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Norte. This fortress is a significant landmark in the region, offering visitors a glimpse into the past.

Casa Número Uno is part of the Museum of the City of São Paulo, which comprises thirteen historic buildings. It houses the administrative core of this institution, along with the Solar da Marquesa de Santos, Beco do Pinto, and the Museu Padre Anchieta. Today, the residence hosts the city's iconographic collection, Casa da Imagem, dedicated to the photographic memory of the capital.

The Honestino Guimarães National Museum is situated in the Explanada de los Ministerios, in Brasília, the capital city of Brazil. This location is central and easily accessible, making it a convenient destination for tourists visiting the city.

The Museu de Ecologia Fritz Müller is situated in the Vorstadt district of the city of Blumenau. This location is easily accessible and offers a unique opportunity to explore the rich history and ecological diversity of the region.

The Tancredo Neves Pantheon of the Fatherland and Freedom is a significant monument located in Brasília, the capital of Brazil. It is a cenotaph, a monument erected in honour of people whose remains are elsewhere, dedicated to national heroes. The Pantheon was conceived following the death of Tancredo Neves, the first elected civilian president after twenty years of military rule.

The Abolition Museum, situated in Recife, the capital of Pernambuco, Brazil, is a unique institution that focuses on a significant part of the country's history. It is one of the few museums in Brazil that provides an in-depth exploration of the abolition of slavery, making it a unique destination for those interested in understanding this crucial period in Brazilian history.

The Vale Museum is situated in the city of Vila Velha, Espírito Santo. It is housed in the historic Pedro Nolasco Station of the Vitória - Minas railway. This location adds a unique historical charm to the museum, making it a fascinating destination for tourists interested in history and architecture.

The Palácio Rio Negro, located in Manaus, Brazil, has a rich history as it once served as the seat of government and was the residence of the governor of the state of Amazonas. This historical significance adds to the allure of the palace, making it a point of interest for tourists who are keen on learning about the political history of the region.

The Ema Gordon Klabin Cultural Foundation, established in 1978, is an art museum located in the vibrant city of São Paulo, Brazil. This not-for-profit private institution was created by Brazilian collector and philanthropist Ema Gordon Klabin with the aim of preserving and showcasing her extensive art collection, as well as promoting cultural, artistic, and scientific activities.

The Provincial Palace, also known as Palacete Provincial, is a significant historical site located in the heart of Manaus, the capital of the state of Amazonas. This centenary building has been a witness to many important events related to the social and political life of the people of Amazonas. It is situated in the historic center of the city, making it easily accessible for tourists.

The Arts and Crafts Museum is a significant cultural institution situated in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. It offers visitors a unique insight into the country's history of work, arts, and crafts.

The Palácio Rio Negro, or Rio Negro Palace, is situated in the scenic city of Petrópolis, nestled in the mountainous region of the state of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. This location offers visitors a unique blend of natural beauty and historical significance, making it an interesting destination for those interested in both nature and history.

The Mineiro Museum, located in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, is a significant cultural institution in Brazil. It was inaugurated on May 10, 1982, at the site of the former Mineiro Senate. Today, it is part of the Cultural Circuit Praça da Liberdade project, which is a network of cultural institutions and attractions in the city.

The Ceará Museum, situated in the city of Fortaleza, is home to an extensive collection of over 13,000 pieces. These pieces are distributed across three significant collections that narrate the history of Ceará. The collections include Paleontology, Archaeology/Indigenous Anthropology, and Furniture. These collections provide a comprehensive insight into the region's past, making it a valuable destination for those interested in history and culture.

Espaço Lúcio Costa is a thematic museum located in Brasília, the capital of Brazil. The museum is dedicated to the renowned architect and urban planner Lúcio Costa. Costa was the winner of the National Contest for the Pilot Plan of Brasília, which defined the city's design. The museum serves as a tribute to his significant contributions to the city's architecture and urban planning.

The National Museum of Fine Arts (MNBA) is a national art museum situated in the vibrant city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This museum is a significant cultural institution in Brazil and is renowned for its extensive collection of 19th-century paintings and sculptures.

The Bahia Geological Museum, also known as MGB, is situated on Avenida Sete de Setembro, in the Corredor da Vitória, in the city of Salvador, Bahia. This location is easily accessible and is a significant landmark in the city, making it a convenient destination for tourists.

The Museu Nacional de Imigração e Colonização, located in Joinville, in the north of Santa Catarina, is a significant repository of historical memories and objects related to immigration in the South of Brazil. The museum's collection provides a comprehensive insight into the historical process of immigration and colonization in the region.

The Museo del Indio, also known as the Museum of the Indian, is a public institution located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is the only official institution in the country that is dedicated exclusively to the indigenous peoples of Brazil. This museum serves as a cultural and scientific agency of the National Indian Foundation and aims to promote a careful and updated image of the indigenous cause, while erasing negative prejudices and stereotypes in Brazilian society about these communities.

The Museu João Fona, located in the city of Santarém in the state of Pará, is a historical building constructed between the years 1853 and 1868 by the engineer Marcos Pereira. This museum is the third oldest building in the city, adding to its historical significance.

The Carmen Miranda Museum, situated in Eduardo Gomes Park, also known as Flamenco Park, is a tribute to the renowned singer and actress Carmen Miranda. The museum has been welcoming visitors since 1976, offering a unique insight into the life and career of this iconic figure.

The Júlio de Castilhos Museum holds the distinction of being the oldest museum in Rio Grande do Sul. It was inaugurated as a tribute to the journalist and politician Júlio de Castilhos, who served as the governor of Rio Grande twice. This historical significance adds a layer of depth to the museum's exhibits and provides visitors with a glimpse into the region's past.

The Natural History Museum and Botanical Garden of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (MHNJB/UFMG) is a significant cultural and educational institution in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. It offers a diverse range of attractions beyond its museum and collection, including an auditorium, a seedling nursery, a pond, an ecological amphitheater, and a sensory garden. These features provide a variety of experiences for visitors, making it a comprehensive destination for those interested in natural history, botany, and ecology.

The Museum of Natural Sciences of the Rio Grande do Sul Zoobotanical Foundation is a unique Brazilian museum nestled within the Botanical Garden of Porto Alegre. This location offers visitors the opportunity to explore both the museum's exhibits and the surrounding botanical garden, providing a comprehensive experience of the region's natural history and biodiversity.

The Getúlio Vargas Museum, also known as the Getúlio Vargas House Museum, is a significant cultural site located in the city of São Borja in Rio Grande do Sul. The museum is dedicated to preserving the residence of former president Getúlio Vargas, offering visitors a unique insight into the life and times of one of Brazil's most influential political figures.

The Londrina Historical Museum Padre Carlos Weiss is a part of the State University of Londrina (UEL). This connection to the university adds a layer of academic credibility to the museum, making it a reliable source of historical information about the city and region.

The Gama D'Eça Educational Museum is a significant cultural and educational institution in Brazil. It is affiliated with the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) and is situated in the heart of Santa Maria, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The museum boasts a collection that is partially listed by the National Historical and Artistic Heritage Institute (IPHAN), indicating its cultural and historical significance.

The Centro Cultural Correios Rio de Janeiro is situated in the heart of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This location makes it easily accessible for tourists who are exploring the city center. The cultural center is surrounded by other significant cultural landmarks, providing a rich cultural experience in one area.

The Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia da Universidade de São Paulo (CienTec) is an interactive and open-air museum. It is located in the Água Funda neighborhood, in the city of São Paulo. This location makes it easily accessible for tourists visiting the city. The park offers a unique experience of learning and exploration in the field of science and technology.

The Joaquim Felizardo Museum of Porto Alegre is a historical museum situated in the city of Porto Alegre, the capital of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. The museum is housed in the Lopo Gonçalves Manor House, which is located at 582 João Alfredo Street. This location is steeped in history and provides a unique setting for the museum.

Casa França-Brasil is a cultural center situated in the historic heart of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This historic property has been repurposed and now serves as a hub for cultural activities. It is a national cultural heritage site, recognized by the National Historical and Artistic Heritage Institute (IPHAN).

The Memorial Aeroespacial Brasileiro (MAB) is a museum situated in São José dos Campos, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Established in 2004 by the Department of Science and Technology Aerospace (DCTA), the museum's primary objective is to preserve and showcase the history of Brazil's aerospace industry.

The Marília Museum of Paleontology is a science museum situated in the city of Marília, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is a significant location for those interested in paleontology and the history of life on Earth.

The Memorial of Indigenous Peoples (MPI) is a museum, cultural center, and research institution located in Brasília. It is dedicated to the preservation and promotion of Brazilian indigenous culture. The museum is situated in the Civic-Administrative Zone of the Monumental Axis, between the JK Memorial and the Buriti Square, opposite the Legislative Chamber of the Federal District.

The former home of the federal court has been transformed into a cultural centre - check out their exhibitions and events.

The Museu do Folclore de São José dos Campos is situated within the Parque Municipal Roberto Burle Marx, commonly referred to as Parque da Cidade. This park is recognized as a preservation zone due to its rich historical, cultural, and architectural value. The museum, which is part of the Fundação Cultural Cassiano Ricardo (FCCR) and managed by the Centro de Estudos da Cultural Popular (CECP), was established in 1987 to highlight and preserve the region's folklore.

The City Museum, also known as the Historical Museum of Brasília, holds the distinction of being the oldest museum in the federal capital. It was inaugurated on the same day as the city itself, marking it as a significant historical landmark.

The collection of the Museu de Arte Brasileira da Fundação Armando Álvares Penteado is quite extensive, containing between 2,500 and 3,500 pieces. Some of these pieces are displayed to the public, including sculptures made of marble and steel. This provides tourists with a wide range of artworks to appreciate during their visit.

The Museu Histórico da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, also known as Museu da Cidade, is a museum located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It was established in 1934 and is housed in a complex of several buildings, including two 19th-century structures dedicated to exhibitions. The museum complex is situated in the municipal natural park Parque da Cidade in the Gávea neighborhood.

The park offers a variety of activities for visitors. These include contemplative tourism of wild animals, ecotourism, research, and environmental education. This makes it a great destination for those interested in nature and wildlife.

The Naval Museum is situated in the heart of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This central location makes it easily accessible for tourists visiting the city. The museum is dedicated to preserving the naval history of Brazil, making it a significant cultural and historical site.

A great museum for all those interested in natural sciences and anthropology. It presents many artifacts ranging from fossils to sugar cane.

Engenho dos Erasmos, also known as Engenho São Jorge dos Erasmos, is a historical site located on the island of São Vicente in Brazil. This former sugar cane facility was built around 1534 and was predominantly owned by the Schetz family throughout its operational years. Today, it stands as a ruin and has been declared a national monument, attracting tourists from all over the world.

The Gerdt Hatschbach Botanical Museum, also known as Museu Botânico de Curitiba, is situated in the city of Curitiba, in the Brazilian state of Paraná. This location is easily accessible for tourists visiting the region and offers a unique opportunity to explore Brazil's rich botanical heritage.

Parque Lage, also known as El Parque Henrique Lage, is a public park situated in Rio de Janeiro. It is located at the foot of the Corcovado, on Jardín Botánico street. This location offers visitors a unique opportunity to enjoy the natural beauty of the park while being in close proximity to the city's attractions.

The Tocantins Historical Museum is a state public museum situated in Palmas, the capital city of the state of Tocantins in Brazil. This museum is a significant cultural institution in the region, offering visitors a chance to delve into the rich history and heritage of Tocantins.

The Museu do Círio houses a rich documentary collection that provides insight into the history of popular devotion surrounding the celebration of the Círio de Nossa Senhora de Nazaré. This event is the largest religious manifestation of the State of Pará and one of the largest in Brazil and the world. Celebrated since 1793 in the city of Belém do Pará, it is listed as Brazilian intangible cultural heritage.

The Xingu Museum is a private institution situated in São Paulo. It houses a collection of indigenous artifacts that were previously owned by the renowned anthropologist, Orlando Villas Bôas. This unique collection provides a glimpse into the rich cultural heritage of the indigenous communities of Brazil.

The Museu de Arte Contemporânea do Centro Dragão do Mar de Arte e Cultura, also known as MAC Dragão do Mar, is situated in the traditional neighborhood of Praia de Iracema in Fortaleza. The museum, which is part of a larger cultural complex, was inaugurated in April 1999.

A museum devoted to the hard work of nurses taking care of patients throughout history is an interesting place to stop by.

The Bauru Regional Railroad Museum, founded on August 26, 1989, is conveniently located near the Railway Station in the city center of Bauru, in the state of São Paulo. This central location makes it easily accessible for tourists visiting the city.

The Historical Museum of São Caetano do Sul is situated in the old De Nardi Mansion in the foundation district. The museum covers an area of 60 square meters, providing ample space for its extensive collection. The location itself, an old mansion, adds to the historical charm and authenticity of the museum experience.

The Museu José Lins do Rego is situated in the Espaço Cultural José Lins do Rego, in João Pessoa, Paraíba. This location is a cultural hub in the city, making it a convenient spot for tourists interested in exploring the local culture and history.

The Museu Aeroespacial - MUSAL, located in Campo dos Afonsos, the birthplace of Brazilian aviation, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, is the largest and most important aviation museum in Brazil. It offers a unique opportunity to explore the history and development of aviation in Brazil.

The Casa de Chico Mendes is a significant historical site as it was the home of Chico Mendes, a renowned environmentalist and rubber tapper, who was assassinated here in 1988. This house is a poignant reminder of his life and struggle for the preservation of the Amazon rainforest.

The Earth Sciences Museum, located at 404 Pasteur Avenue in the Urca neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is a renowned institution dedicated to the fields of geology and paleontology. It offers a unique opportunity for visitors to delve into the fascinating world of earth sciences, with a vast collection of exhibits that span across various aspects of these disciplines.

The Museu da Inconfidência, also known as the Museum of the Inconfidência, is a historical institution dedicated to commemorating those who lost their lives in the Inconfidência Mineira, a failed rebellion movement for Brazilian independence from Portugal. This museum serves as a testament to the struggle for independence and the sacrifices made by those who fought for it.

The Janete Costa Museum of Popular Art is housed in a historic mansion that dates back to 1892. This museum is located in the Ingá neighborhood of Niterói, a city in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The location itself adds a touch of historical charm to the museum, making it an interesting destination for tourists who appreciate both art and history.

Museu Sacaca, officially known as Centro de Pesquisas Museológicas Museu Sacaca, is a cultural and scientific institution situated in Macapá, the capital city of the Brazilian state of Amapá. It is a significant cultural and scientific hub, as well as a popular tourist attraction in the city.

The Tietê Museum narrates the story of one of São Paulo's most significant rivers, the Tietê River. This is done through a variety of mediums including documents, objects from the region's indigenous culture, and photographs. Visitors can gain a deeper understanding of the river's history and its impact on the city and its people.

The museum is located in a small building that spans 340 square meters, nestled within the Parque da Água Branca in the Barra Funda district. It is home to a collection of approximately 3,500 pieces. This includes collections of minerals, rocks, and fossils, along with geological equipment, vintage photographs, and maps.

The Pelé Museum, located in the city of Santos, is a tribute to the illustrious career of the legendary footballer, Pelé. It provides an in-depth look into his life and achievements, making it a significant destination for football enthusiasts and history buffs alike.

The Washington de Oliveira Historical Museum, also known as the Ubatuba Historical Museum, is situated in Ubatuba. The museum's primary mission is to preserve and showcase the rich history of this São Paulo municipality. It provides an opportunity for visitors to delve into the past and understand the cultural and historical significance of Ubatuba.

The Casa da Memória Paraná is a museum situated in the city of Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil. It serves as a documentation center, preserving the history of the municipality, the Campos Gerais region, and the state of Paraná. This makes it a significant destination for those interested in the historical and cultural aspects of these regions.

The Estação Ferroviária de Joinville, constructed in 1906, is a significant part of Brazil's railway heritage. It stands as a landmark in the process of industrialization and development of the municipality. Its Teutonic-Brazilian architecture and its close emotional connection with the Joinville society make it a representative cultural asset of the local culture and a tourist attraction.

The Museu Ambiência Casa de Pedra is a museum situated in a historic house in the city of Caxias do Sul, Brazil. This museum is dedicated to recreating the domestic lifestyle of the early Italian settlers in the city. It is an interesting place to visit for those who are interested in history and culture.

The Museu da Cidade de Manaus, or the City Museum of Manaus, is a Brazilian museum situated in the heart of Manaus, the capital city of the Amazonas state. This museum offers a unique opportunity to delve into the rich history and culture of the region.

Chácara Lane is a historic site located in the heart of São Paulo at Rua da Consolação number 1,024. The land was originally owned by North American Presbyterian missionary George Chamberlain. However, it was Lanton Amnesley, the father of Chamberlain's wife Mary Annesley Chamberlain, who acquired the 14,800 square meter property between the years of 1880 and 1890.

The Civil Police Museum of Rio de Janeiro is a historical institution situated in the heart of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It offers a unique insight into the activities of the Civil Police throughout the history of Rio de Janeiro, dating back to the colonial era. The museum is housed in a French eclectic style building, constructed in 1910 by architect Heitor de Mello, adding an architectural charm to the historical significance of the museum.

The UFRGS Museum, located in Porto Alegre, Brazil, is a part of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. It is dedicated to museum activities within the fields of science, technology, history, art, and culture. This makes it a diverse and enriching destination for tourists interested in these areas.

The Museu Casa de Nhozinho is a museum situated in the historic center of São Luís, Maranhão. It was inaugurated in 2002 and is housed in a four-story mansion built in the early 19th century. The museum's name is a tribute to the popular artist, Antônio Bruno Pinto Nogueira, also known as Nhozinho, who was a master in buriti carving.

The Murilo Mendes Museum of Modern Art is situated in the city of Juiz de Fora, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. This location is easily accessible for tourists visiting the region and offers a unique opportunity to explore the modern art scene of Brazil.

The Museu Ferroviário de Indaiatuba, or Indaiatuba Railway Museum, is situated in the former Indaiatuba Railway Station of the Ytuana Railway Company. This location is in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The museum's location adds a historical context to the exhibits, as it is housed in a building that was once a bustling railway station.

The Palácio Olímpio Campos is a significant historical site located in Aracaju, Sergipe. The palace was inaugurated in 1863 and has since been a symbol of the city's rich history and culture. It offers visitors a glimpse into the past and the opportunity to learn about the region's political and cultural heritage.

The Dinosaur Museum, a paleontological museum, is situated in the city of Uberaba, in Minas Gerais, Brazil. It is a significant location for those interested in paleontology and the history of dinosaurs. The museum offers a unique opportunity to learn about the prehistoric era and the creatures that once roamed the earth.

The Ethnographic Museum Casa dos Açores, also known as the São Miguel Museum, is a Brazilian institution located in São Miguel da Terra Firme, Biguaçu. The museum is primarily dedicated to preserving the Luso-Brazilian memory in the greater Florianópolis region. It is housed in a building dating back to the first half of the 19th century, representing the peak of Azorean-Madeiran culture in São Miguel da Terra Firme.

The Museu Willy Zumblick is situated in the heart of Tubarão, a city in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. This central location makes it easily accessible for tourists visiting the city.

Learn the difference between lives of the rich rubber barons and ordinary people who worked for them in this interesting museum.

Casa da Xilogravura is a museum situated in the city of Campos do Jordão, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. This private, non-profit institution is maintained by the Mantiqueira Publishing House. It was established with the aim of promoting and preserving the history of woodcut printing in Brazil.

The Fritz Alt House Museum, located in the city of Joinville, was inaugurated in 1975. It was established following the acquisition of the former residence of the artist Fritz Alt, which was built in the 1940s. This historical site offers a glimpse into the life and work of Fritz Alt, providing a unique cultural experience for visitors.

The Museu de Ciências Naturais da ULBRA, located on the Canoas Campus of ULBRA in Rio Grande do Sul, is a natural science museum. Its mission is not only to provide a leisurely experience but also to raise awareness about the preservation of fauna and flora. This is achieved through environmental education, making it a unique destination for those interested in nature and conservation.

The Museu da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro is a thematic museum dedicated to the first military and official police force established in Brazil. This museum provides a unique insight into the history and evolution of the police force in Brazil, making it a fascinating destination for those interested in history, law enforcement, or military affairs.

The Museum der Pommerschen Einwanderung, also known as Museu da Imigração Pomerana, is located in Santa Maria de Jetibá. It is dedicated to the history of Pomeranian immigration to the state of Espírito Santo in Brazil. The museum provides a detailed account of the journey and settlement of these migrants, offering a unique insight into this significant chapter of Brazilian history.

The Museu Paleoarqueológico e Histórico Prefeito Bertoldo Jacobsen is a Brazilian institution dedicated to the preservation and promotion of the cultural heritage of Taió, a municipality in Santa Catarina. The museum was inaugurated on December 18, 2004, and is named in honor of the first mayor of the municipality. It focuses on themes of paleontology, archaeology, and local history.